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Related Audiobooks Free with a 30 day trial from Scribd. No problem. M Ali. Sourish ghosh , Urban Infrastructure expert Gov. Views Total views. Actions Shares. No notes for slide. The need has been further emphasized in view of the publication of the National Building Code of India in and its implementation. The Expert Group set up in by the Department of Science and. During the preparation of the Fifth Five-Year Plan in , the Group was assigned the task of producing a Science and Technology plan for research, development and extension work in the sector of housing and construction technology.
One of the items of this plan was the production of design handbooks, explanatory handbooks and design aids based on the National Building Code and various Indian Standards, and other activities in the promotion of the National Building Code.
The Expert Group gave high priority to this item and on the recommendation of the Department of Science and Technology. Under the first prqject. It gives details for design of small individual disposal systems and broad outlines for the design of large scale transportation, treatment and disposal systems for sewage.
The Handbook is also intended to give detailed design for the water supply system within a premises and the treatment and disposal of domestic sewage in septic tanks and stabilization ponds in appendices, and charts for the design of all pressure pipes based on Ha7. The Handbook. The Handbook is based on the draft prepared by Shri T. Consulting Sanitary Engineer, New Delhi; and their views have been taken into consideration while finalizing the Handbook.
Banerjee Shri J. Kurlekar Dr M. Rao Shri A. Chakraborty Alternate Shri T. Ratnam Shri V. Rao Aiygari Shri G. The subjects are so varied as to come under the scope of the civil engineering, mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, structurals and metals, consumer products, etc. The members constituting the committees are drawn from the Government, manufacturers, consumers, etc.
The standards pertaining to public health engineering have been formulated at different times and are being revised as and when necessity arises due to changing times and the prevailing practice. However, there was a long felt need for a handbook on water supply and drainage ,with special emphasis on plumbing giving information on all related subjects in a comprehensive and coordinated manner giving references to the existing standards to facilitate quick and practical help.
In this process, it has been necessitated to deviate from certain recommendations already made in certain standards, especially the computation of flow in small sized pipes and the unit fixture rate of flow. In the absence of research work in this field in the country, the work done in USA by Hunter has been used, charts prepared for application in this country with the units adopted here regarding possible peak rates of flow in plumbing systems.
A number of useful appendices to help the designer have been prepared and added to the Handbook. As this is only a coordinating Handbook, references have to be made to the relevant detailed standards already prepared for detailed design, construction, testing, maintenance, sampling and inspection, and mark- ing.
A list of all relevant lndian Standards per- taining to this Handbook has also been appended. The recommendations made in the manuals on water supply and treatment as well as the manual on sewerage and sewage treatment prepared by the Special Committees constituted by the Ministry of Works and Housing, New Delhi, with which the BlS Directorate General was also associated, have been largely followed in the preparation of the Handbook.
Also called house connection. Fixtures are rated as multiples of this unit of flow. This includes drainage, water supply and vent piping. Sewer, Building - See Buildirig House. Separate System - A system in which the foul water sewage and surface water are conveyed by separate sewers and drains. Partially Separate System - A modification of the separate system in which.
Gulley traps and waste pipes are completely dispersed with but all the traps of water closets, basins, etc. A system in which there IS one soil pipe into which all water closets, baths, sinks and basins discharge.
In addition, there is a relief vent which ventilates only the traps of water closets. TMTo-Pipe Qstem - The system of plumb- ing in which soil and waste pipes are distinct and separate, the soil pipes being connected to the drain direct and waste pipes through a trapped gulley. All traps of all appliances are completely ventilated in this system. Single Stack System - The one-pipe system in which, there is. Single Stack, Partialy Ventilated - See one-pipe system, partially ventilated.
A via media between the one-pipe system and the single stack system. Terminal Pressure - The residual head at the end of dlstrlbutlon system. It refers to the pipe for the general tionveyance of water as distinct from communication pipe for the codveyance of water for individual premises. Planning for Plumbing 3. The layout of the building should be such as to allow for good and economical plumbing to be carried out. The location of plumbing equipment including the washing and sanitary appliances; hot water heaters, storage cisterns, etc, in a building may have marked effects on the efficiency and cost of plumbing.
Many buildings, public and private, have been designed without sufficient regard to this factor and the plumbing has suffered accordingly. Early consideration to the layout of the plumbing installation should remove many of the disadvantages which have formerly arisen. It is needless to emphasize that close grouping of plumbing equipment is desirable 3.
The serious annoyance and even ill effects on health of residents due to noise caused by the operation of plumbing systems, particularly in the case of flats, is to be noted. While realizing the advantages from the point of view of internal and external appearance of buildings of concealing plumbing work within walls or ducts, sufficient precaution and safeguards are to be taken in the event of leakages, protection against frost where pipes are burried in outside walls and the possible harbouring of vermin behind casings.
These considerations will point out that, in certain types of buildings, accessibility of piping is essential even if it means that pipes will be seen. Any pipe or fittings which is proposed to be concealed either in the wall or below the flooring has necessarily to be wrapped with hessian cloth dipped in bitumen.
Before the actual concealment work is done, it is also necessary to test these fittings for adequate water tightness. For low cost housing this may be considered. But for ultimate economy and efficiency, the orthodox system is to be favoured. Constant reference to sound principles is the surest way of maintaining good standards, guiding developments along the right lines and discouraging unwise departures from traditional practice.
These relate to the plumbing fixtures, the plumbing pipes and the plumbing systems as a whole. But there is no compromise on the essentials of providing a supply of protected water though it may be on a lesser scale and proper disposal of waste or used water.
In addition each local authority is empowered to make its own bye-laws under the Act for carrying out the provisions of the Act, in great details to suit local needs and financial capacity. These may vary from place to place depending upon the stipulations by the Local Authorities. It is here that a cross- connection between the protected water suply system and the waste water disposal system is possible due to bad plumbing. Such a contingency,, when it happens, may endanger health of the entire city community or town.
It is therefore necessary that all works relating to plumbing within and outside the premises are properly executed under the supervision of the authorities at all stages. In this view it is essential that all works are carried out by plumbers licensed by the corporation or the local authority and who are punishable by the local authority for any lapses on their part in complying with the provisions of the rules or the bye-laws framed thereunder.
Though this system of licensing plumbers is insisted in all municipal corporations, it is yet to be enforced in all municipalities and townships, etc. Where licensing of plumbers is insisted, necessary provision is made for the examination and certification of all such plumbers to ensure a certain and uniform standard for the efficient performance of their duties.
Rules regarding the grant of licence and service conditions of plumbers framed by the Madras Corporation and followed at present by the Madras Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board are given in Appendix C. BIS has also published a number of standards for works relating to water supply and drainage system, etc, relating to buildings. These are to be taken for guidance in the preparation of the building bye-laws relating to water supply and drainage by local authorities with suitable adaptation to meet local needs and to suit their financial capacity.
The aim of this Handbook is to coordinate the several recommendations in various Indian Standards and codes, and to amplify the provisions in these standards. The selection of the proper sizes of pipes for plumbing installations is an important problem, the correct solution of which involves the principles of hydraulics and pneumatics of the flow of fluids in closed conduits, that is, under a pressure and at atmospheric pressure.
Such practical aids to the selection of pipe sizes are usually based on experience rather than on theory. However, a theoretical background helps appreciation of the practical usages and creates greater confidence in plumbing work.
The peculiar conditions of flow in the plumbing drainage pipes have to be understood for a proper design of the installation. The value of p is also the gauge pressure since it is the pressure that would be shown on a pressure gauge. Absolute pressure is equal to the sum of atmospheric pressure and gauge pressure.
Bernoullis Theorem- This states that in the streamlined flow of an incompressible fluid, the total head remains constant from section to section along the stream tube.
As the air is compressible and as a consequence the density varies, the atmospheric pressure is measured by the column of liquid it will support. This again varies with the amount of moisture in air and temperature. The gauge registers the pressure above or below atmospheric pressure. To get the absolute pressure, the gauge pressure must be added or subtracted from the atmospheric pressure as the case may be. For pressures below the atmospheric pressure, the gauge pressures are observed on a vacuum gauge.
If the pressures are above the atmospheric pressure, the gauge pressures are measured on a pressure gauge. The flow through a siphon is due to the difference in elevation of the free surfaces above and below the siphon h.
The greatest height over which water could be apparently lifted by suction is equal to the atmospheric pressure which is Table pressure y in metres elevations x above sea the increase in elevation 1 gives the atmospheric of water for different level in metres.
Vapour pressure is the pressure exerted by the tendency of a liquid to vapourize. This tendency varies with the temperature of the liquid as shown in Table 2. It is also called air binding. The effect may be either to reduce or to cut-off flow in the pipe or to require pressure to force the trapped air through the pipe.
The trapped air will diminish or stop flow through the pipe by reducing the cross- sectional area available for flow. It will act as a stoppage that no amount of rodding will remove and that is not to be found when the pipe is opened for examination.
Air locks are likely to give trouble in pipes under low pressure and in siphons because of inadequate force to push the air along the pipe. Water will boil or vapourize at a lower temperature if the pressure is reduced. This phenomenon may occur in plumbing pipes, equipment and pumps.
It is called cavitation. It may be defined as a rupture of the continuity of a liquid as it turns to vapour owing to a sudden reduction of pressure. Low pressures are produced in conduits by a sudden increase of velocity. They are produced in equipment as, for example, in pumps when a moving object such as an impeller passes rapidly through the water.
In other words, the pressure reduces as the velocity head increases in order that their sum may remain constant. The rapidity with which a high vacuum is made and broken, and water changes from a liquid to a vapour and back to liquid again may be so great as to create sounds varying from a rattle to a loud roar.
A corrosive effect may appear on the surfaces of metal exposed to cavitation. The phenomenon is avoided by maintaining low velocities between liquids and surfaces in contact, and by avoiding sudden accelerations in velocities of flow in closed conduits. I75 I It may be caused by the nearly instantaneous or too rapid closing of a valve in the line or by an equivalent stoppage of flow such as would take place with the sudden failure of electricity supply to a motor driven pump.
The shock pressure is not concentrated at the valve and, if rupture occurs, it may take place near the valve simply because it acts there first. The pressure wave due to water hammer travels back upstream to the inlet end of the pipe. The excess pressure due to water hammer is additive to the normal pressure in the pipe.
Complete stoppage of flow is not necessary to produce water hammer as any sudden change in velocity will create it to a greater or lesser degree. The intensity of water hammer pressure varies directly with the velocity of flow in the pipe. If the velocity is kept below, the effect of water hammer could also be reduced.
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